为什么学生向后写信：老师需要知道的一切

Have you noticed kids writing letters backward in your class? Called letter reversal or mirror writing, reversing letters or even words is common for younger kids as they make the move from drawing pictures and objects to writing letters and words.

但是众所周知，向后写信不应该永远持续下去。我们与专家进行了交谈，以了解如何帮助反向信件的学生以及镜像写作是一个标志着孩子可能需要其他服务的标志。

Why Do Kids Write Letters Backwards?

When kids start learning their letters, they tend to lack meaning says Chaya Gottesman, a pediatric occupational therapist and founder ofSensation New York.

“字母只是“形状”没有意义attached to it until it is learned,” Gottesman explains. “Without visual-motor, memory, or visual processing maturity, it can be a challenge to recognize subtle differences between the shapes.”

幼儿的常见信件逆转包括：

• 将小写“ B”写为“ D”，反之亦然
• Writing a “p” as a “q” and the reverse

The reason? “All four of these are the exact same shape (a circle/curve with a stick attached to it), the only difference is the positioning or orientation of the stick,” Gottesman explains.

But they’re not the only letters that get mixed up, and it doesn’t stop at letters — words and numbers can be subject to mirror writing too. In a法国学童的研究, researchers found that letters and numbers often reversed by kids include ‘3’ or ‘J’ in which the correct form ‘faces’ leftwards. Their conclusion was that kids who are learning to write notice that most characters face to the right and over-apply the rule.

镜子写作的迹象是什么？

当他们的“ b”或“ q” s从学生那里收回论文时，他们的“ p”应该是镜子写作的一个明显迹象，但还有其他更微妙的线索需要注意！

您可能会在学生中注意到的一些行为：

• Students who struggle to work out the difference between b and d may resort to writing capital letters for a B and a D.
• 当您观察他们如何形成字母时，有些学生可能会从底部开始字母的字母（例如f或j），因为他们不确定哪种方式可以做曲线。
• 在其中有一个圆圈的字母，例如D，学生可能会一遍又一遍地写几个圆圈，而他们试图弄清“棍子”的侧面。

您如何帮助反向信件的学生

So you know your students are reversing their letters. Now what?

得克萨斯州认证的老师贝丝·麦卡特（Beth McCarter）说，其中一些人将消失，因为他们阅读更多，并拥有读者的特殊认证。

“[Young children] haven’t been exposed to the alphabet for very long- so it’s easy to confuse symbols that look very similar,” she points out. “It’s not intuitive to read in a certain direction; it’s explicitly taught!

她补充说：“他们可能还没有在长期记忆中存储字母的出现。”

Noting letters have been transposed and asking a student what they notice about the letter can sometimes be enough to help your students in some cases, McMaster advises. Studying their work, the mistake may well jump out at them.

教室周围的视觉提醒也可以帮助孩子们 - 发布显示的字母海报每个字母。

Other tips, Gottesman suggests include:

显式手写指令从5岁开始。

从一开始就教导方向性是关键。大小重要的手写程序中的“ go”和“饰面”线使教学“前进”和“向后”的概念简单而有趣，因此，d从向后移动曲线开始绘制（或“超级/魔术C”））当b从向下移动的直线开始。

Teach the letters in groups based on the shapes used to form them, as well as where the strokes begin.

When teaching lower case letters, the d is taught first along with coag then other formation groups are introduced, and lastly the group including the lower-case b. By then, the d has already been habituated and will less likely become confused with the b formation.

使用视觉记忆技巧

尽管她说这些对每个孩子都不起作用，但它们可能对某些孩子有帮助。

一些混合B和D的孩子的流行方法特别包括：

• Making a “bed” with the two hands by forming circles using the thumbs and pointer fingers, with the remainder of the fingers pointing straight up. The left hand looks like a lowercase “b” and the right hand looks like a lowercase “d.” Placed together, they form a bed-like structure, and the sounds of the word can help the students keep them straight.
  • 提示：挂这个“bed-like” b and d hand poster在您的教室里可以帮助孩子保持直觉！
• 教孩子们“ B”有一个大腹部，D有脏尿布！

逆转字母是阅读障碍的迹象吗？

通常，逆转字母的概念与阅读障碍诊断有关，但这有点错误。实际上，阅读障碍是一种影响人们阅读字母和单词的疾病，而动力学是一个孩子在写作时扭转字母的条件。

据估计，多达30％kids will grapple with dysgraphiaat some point, but it’s not until second grade after a child has been given a solid foundation in letter formation that writing letters backward should be a warning sign, Gottesman says.

那是应该进行评估的转诊。教师还应该寻找有关发展延迟的其他演讲：

• 孩子会定期撞到物体或人吗？
• 他们的响应要比同行慢得多吗？
• 他们可以组织起来的手工艺和艺术项目吗？

所有这些信息都可以帮助确定发生了什么。

如果您对年幼的孩子有担忧，麦卡特（McCarter）建议保存学生的工作，并将其带入您所在地区的早期干预措施或特殊教育专家委员会，因为这将使他们在评估如何帮助孩子时为他们提供一个起点。

Aside from dysgraphia, McCarter said there may be other issues going on.

她说：“恐怖的视力可能会阻止他们看到靠近它们的事物。”“跟踪他们正在阅读的内容的麻烦也可能导致延迟。注意跨度是另一个因素。请记住，很难与其他20个嘈杂的人集中精力在同一个房间里！如果孩子饿了，生病或疲倦，他们可能没有能力整齐或准确地写作。”

Getting support for any of these concerns may help your student learn to write their letters, numbers, and words correctly.

有关信函形成的更多帮助，请尝试这些教师创建的资源！万博足球体育